Why Do Whales Beach Themselves

The Scientific American article â€Å"Why do whales beach themselves? † published on June 1, 2009, bring the polemic and controversial reasons about the phenomenon observed in the last years when more than Fifty-five false killer whales were stranded on a South African beach over the weekend. The scientists still do not fully understand why mass stranding happen, and if we should be worried about this event. Whales are the largest marine mammals in the world — the smallest species weigh in at several tons. When whales beach themselves, they can die simply from the crushing weight of their own bodies or from overheating due to their blubber, which is needed for insulation in cold ocean waters. Stranding are of several types, said Susan Parks, a research associate in the Environmental Acoustics program in the Applied Research Laboratory at Penn State. Individual stranding often are caused by isolated incidents such as sickness, injury, or old age Said Parks, â€Å"Entanglement in fishing gear is one of the leading causes of mortality for marine mammals, many of which wash up on shore dead or injured. The tide carries these whales into shallow water, depositing them on the beach. Then there are multiple-species stranding, explained Parks. â€Å"This occurs when different species of marine mammals beach themselves at the same time and place, suggesting that they all died from the same cause,† she said. Scientists have been researching possible causes of this phenomenon. One explanation involves the whale â€Å"pod† social structure. For instance, whales that travel in pods use a â€Å"strength in numbers† survival strategy, but this can backfire when the dominant whale runs aground. According to Parks, â€Å"The rest of the pod may follow a disoriented or sick whale onto shore. † Another theory is that pods may venture too close to the beach when hunting prey or evading predators and become trapped by low tides. Weather also may play a part in beaching. Explained Parks, â€Å"In 1998, there was a major stranding on the West Coast of the United States where many different species, particularly sea lions, starved to death. † This mass stranding, she added, was thought to be caused by El Nino's effects on sea-water surface temperatures. Many marine mammals depend on plankton and kelp that thrive in cool, nutrient-rich waters. In the case of sea lions, when food is scarce, the adults wean pups earlier and leave them behind while they hunt for fish in colder waters further offshore. These young seals are often the ones that become stranded. Some theories about beaching suggest that defects in a whale's navigation system may be the cause. According to Parks, â€Å"The problem with these theories is that we don't know exactly how whales navigate. † Some species travel vast distances every year and find their way back to where they started. Right whales, for example, travel more than a thousand miles from the Gulf of Maine to the coastal waters of Florida and Georgia to give birth, and then swim back to northern waters. Said Parks, it is known that some whales use echolocation to identify objects in their environment but â€Å"it is unclear whether these species need to rely on it for navigation. † Some researchers have proposed that whales navigate by using passive listening to hear waves crashing against the coast or steer themselves via undersea topography or the angle of the sun. However, as interjected Parks, â€Å"the distance that animals can see is often very limited in the ocean, and isn't thought to be a useful for long-distance navigation. † Another navigation theory proposed recently is that whales have a bio-magnetic sense, which allows them to sense magnetic fields in the earth's crust. â€Å"This would be similar to how homing pigeons orient themselves,† explained Parks. Whales following magnetic field lines could beach themselves in areas where the field lines intersect with the coast. A study in the UK by Margaret Klinowska found a correlation between local magnetic field lines and sites where whales were stranded alive,† added Parks. However, more research is needed to solidify the connection. Several multiple-species stranding have occurred following military use of mid-frequency sonar, sparking public outcry. â€Å"One reason for the level of concern about these incidents is that they involved the rarely seen beaked whales,† explained Parks. â€Å"These whales were found beached five, sometimes 10 at a time. The problem with the sonar theory,† she added, â€Å"is that we still don't fully understand the cause and effect mechanism of how sonar might affect whales or why it might affect beaked whales in particular. † For many years, professor Chris Parsons has been tracking the patterns of mass whale stranding around the world. In his most recent paper, â€Å"Navy Sonar and Cetaceans: Just how much does the gun need to smoke before we act? † Parsons and his co-authors bring together all of the major whale and dolphin stranding in the past eight years and discuss the different kinds of species that have been affected worldwide. They also strongly argue for stricter environmental policies related to this issue. â€Å"Generally, if there is a large whale stranding, there is a military exercise in the area,† says Parsons. â€Å"Sonar is killing more whales than we know about. † Parsons is a national delegate for the International Whaling Commission’s scientific and conservation committees and on the board of directors of the marine section of the Society for Conservation Biology. He has been involved in whale and dolphin research for more than a decade and has conducted projects in South Africa, India, China and the Caribbean as well as the United Kingdom. Research into the cause of stranding is ongoing, noted Parks. Meanwhile, many coastal areas have rescue groups to find and rehabilitate these stranded mammals and to release them back into the wild. When the rehab patient weighs in at more than 40 tons, which can be a whale of a job. As the article stand, statistically, we are only able to determine the cause of a stranding in about 50 percent of all cases worldwide. In some cases, it is obvious, like a ship strike leaving an animal in poor condition. In the northeastern United States, pneumonia is a common cause of stranding. We see other diseases and trauma, such as shark attack on whales or dolphins or attacks by members of the same species. Poisonous â€Å"red tides† will also affect marine mammals. Some stranding have been speculated to be related to anomalies in the magnetic field, or from parasitic worms in the brain affecting co-ordination and balance, to whales being trapped as they follow prey inshore. There are other possible causes: Predators such as orcas or sharks may force the marine mammals inshore. In a 1993 pilot whale stranding at Golden Bay, orcas were seen patrolling outside the spit. The whales might have sought sanctuary in shallow waters because of the threat. Deep-water toothed whales with strong social bonds become stranded in a group more frequently than other species. If an individual is sick, or old and dying, the rest of the herd will come to its aid, even if they endanger themselves by venturing too close inshore. These are species that are unusual, that are beautiful, and important for the ecology of our seas. If there is an activity humans are doing precipitating these stranding we need to know about it—we need to make decisions about pollutants, shipping noise and sonar. Are we in some way contributing to declining health of critical populations, like the northern right whale? is asking the author of the article himself. More articles in the newspapers like the â€Å"Nearly 200 whales stranded on Australian beach† published on 03/01/09 in USA TODAY, or the statistics found in New Zealand where almost 9,000 whales and dolphins were stranded between 1978 and 2004 give us the idea of how serious this phenomena became . The concern is that only about a quarter of them were saved for all the whales in New Zealand. Species included Grey’s beaked whale, the Pygmy sperm whale, the sperm whale, the long-finned pilot whale, and the false killer whale (which is actually a dolphin). All the article and scientists are giving vague explanation about those events, but nobody found with certitude way the whales are stranding, which give us the uncertainty if we know well our ecosystem and its functions, and how we can avoid those tragedies.

IT Changes Work Environments

Initially there Was some debate as to how large Of a processor was needed to improve liability and also increase the service life of the system, we, the working group decided that mezzo upgrade should be sufficient for the systems roles and responsibilities, I know a mezzo processor. Mr.. Moor's law has and technological advances have really improved the corporate world. These advances have steam-lined international business as well as domestic. Communications have been made simpler with conference calls, emails and even online chat rooms.A company that may have a great IT concept may develop it and introduce it to a market but it will only be a short time before a impetigo company will be working on a similar concept. This has had a hand in the growth of Technology as well; it is those competitive natures that keep pushing new ideas and concepts. The main thing took away from the stages of growth is that timing is everything. If you enter too soon it can be very costly because you a re the first one to try it so you will make mistakes and to fix those mistakes can be very expensive.Not only can it be very expensive but as you are pioneering new technology everyone else is sitting back learning from your mistakes and successes at a fraction of the price. They save money and you pay the price. However if you get in too late your technology becomes out dated and you lose consumers who want a company on the cutting edge of technology. I work for US Bank and we were one of the last major banks to upgrade our Tam's with the image scan of the checks and money. We got so many complaints about why aren't our Tam's up to date.We probably lost a lot of customers over it as well. Every business wants as much market share as possible because more market share means more profit, more control, and less competition. Time ND experience have shown that standardization will bring more consumers to the market. No matter what the business is, it needs a way to operate and communica te with other businesses and consumers. According to an article by The International Journal Of Electronic Commerce, standardization in IT is critical in order for a business to make the most out of its time and resources.This article goes on to explain how â€Å"proprietary' and â€Å"open† standardization zone in on whether a business is more concerned with increasing its market share (proprietary) or more concerned with keeping its fixed share (open) but t the same time, increasing the size of the whole market. Cloud computing was a major thing for me to learn and was able to understand it more after a while. Cloud computing is the ability to store and access data and programs over the internet. Everyone wants access to their data and have immediate access to their files anytime and nap. Here. At a previous employer, our network was shared by all of our divisions in California as well as associated companies. Telecommuters were also able to share equally in the network. T his network of computers made up the cloud. When the web browser was own, we had limited or no access to our files let alone the internet. I tried not to work from home, but sometimes I was able to access my Web e-mail. Web email as well as yahoo, hotmail, and g-mail are forms of cloud computing. Organizations can rent software instead of purchasing the product.A business and their employees can run their computer tools online and process their work and file saving using their web browser. The benefit is the reduced cost for everyone involved. The downside of this concept is that the organization has to place trust in this software vendor. While reading arioso articles about AAAS, realized the software that currently use fall into this category. Sharpening is used to store and track electronic documents and images by different users. It is also password protected preventing access to people outside the organization.We search for the news in a particular manner, we seek information i n a faster method for today's standards and the internet has changed our way of discovering the news. Most of the news today is delivered through various outlets and news medias that changed the way they see the world. In the past, the world depended on the news from newspapers or word of mouth, UT primarily they would try to find information from the source. It time people found this inefficient and troublesome to their way of managing information as we see the future developed in a different manner.Information now is provided in an instant with such APS as twitter or news cast feeds that can be shared by a simple text. It is a new world of technology that has inevitably changed the way we live and see the material world at an instant. As life has see a major change we see that the news and other hard books have changed. Now we get books from Kindles and other material such s being Pads provided the information as the facts that change how we get information that we can changed the world of people, and the information as seen as being drastic change.It is important to see that you can view the aspiration of others. Learning and being part of something the can guide information towards the right direction you are able to see a good point and see that you can make it better. The data mining point of view comes from the aspect that certain changes in data are always developed. I see that certain changes in data come from different companies such as Amazon, Google, faceable, and other operating systems that use search as a primary source of work.I see that certain changes of the group of people come from the different areas of changes that can be ineffective in certain changes. In having read the article of Big Data we see that the new ways of collecting it comes from an easier method-?the consumer. When we go online our best way to find things are to search and find the best way through various inputs such as realizing the inclination of things and seeing that c ertain materials can be found through various inputs, as we will see that Google began this improvement of search engines that ignited the idea of advertising.Now business see that been able to utilize the information to have business grow their volume in the production of things, but we will see that changes in the person can have a big understanding in the aspect of learning. In retrospect, the interesting parts of this course was able to recognize the different changes in the technology world and how IT is making efficient work but scarce labor. The way see technology trending is how can we make our lives more convenient while saving time and money?Convenience to most people is how We can be productive on our smart phones and laptops by utilizing the internet. Some examples include cloud computing, online banking and depositing checks with a picture, shopping online, working from home, communicating with friends and family through social media, taking classes online, sending emai ls, games, movies, TV shows, etc. Time is money, so many people are willing to pay a premium for hi-tech devices. With Artificial Intelligence, people can rely on robots to get work done. Although robots are very expensive to buy, they can be cheaper than paying labor costs.

At Any One Moment

â€Å"At any one moment† uses context to give meaning to the story and and allow the reader to have a clear image of the events in their mind. The story was written in 2005 so the context it was written in was after the Boxing Day Tsunami of 2004. Through the readers understanding and experience of this event the author is able to build images in the reader’s mind and allow them to fully understand the gravity of the situation occurring. Had the story been written in a time where a Tsunami had not occurred for many years it would be a lot harder to imagine and put into perspective the enormity of the tragedy occurring in the story.Judy Allen builds on this idea through the specific language and metaphors used to set the scene and further build on the context. â€Å"It rose up like a mountain, either hiding or engulfing the distant boats†. Through using real locations in the text the reader can see and believe the story. The reader’s context is also used to build dramatic tension. As the water is drawn out before the Tsunami approaches the reader is mostly likely aware of what is occurring due to their context compared to Sherif, his brother and the villagers who were obliviouxs to the disaster about to occur. His brother started to laugh- it was all so extraordinary, a trick played by the ocean†. This situation creates dramatic irony and positions the reader to want to warn the characters in the story to get out of the water. Judy Allen builds and plays on the readers context which is most likely that of a busy Western life. Many people in society are always busy and never take time to think about other people. â€Å"Even so, most people are aware only of their own small world, and many believe their own small world, and many believe their own small world is all there is†.Through the structure and the omniscient point of view the author positions the reader to imagine all the things happening in the world right now and h ow every action has a consequence. Allen then takes the reader down to one specific event which could be happening right now. This structure is especially effect because of Western Society’s desensitised view of disaster. The reader relates to a personal story much more than figures on the news. Allen’s use of emotive language and smilies also creates an environment for the reader to personally react to the story. â€Å"He stared as the vast sweep of water was pulled back like a huge bed cover†.This imagery allows the reader to put themselves in the story and use their own personal context to make meaning to â€Å"At Any One Moment†. Through my own personal context I am able to react to the story and feel sympathy for the characters in it. Although I was not personally affected by the Boxing Day Tsunami of 2004 I can still appreciate the pain that Sherif goes through. This prose fiction work put the world into perspective for me and caused me to feel grat eful for the things I have in my life. It made me realise how fragile life can be, how people can be alive one minute and dead the next.Through all the tragedy in our wold I had become partially immune to the horrors in our world until I read this personal story. I have a strong sense of family and this caused me to react strongly to Sherif losing his brother and probably his mother. I cannot imagine losing one of my family members and it pained me to see that a whole life can be lost in a matter of seconds you just have to be in the wrong place at the wrong time. Whether it is man-made tragedy or natural disaster we never know what life is going to throw at us and often we cannot stop it. At any one moment on this small planet†¦ †. Through the use of structure, point of view and context Allen encourages the reader feel small and insignificant. By allowing us to imagine all the events and people in the world the reader is positioned to feel as though they are helpless to the world around them and can do nothing to stop it. Through this realisation Allen then inspires us to come together as a global community that can make a difference, we are insignificant on our own but together we are much more powerful.

Ethical Principles And Practices In Space Exploration Assignment

Ethical Principles And Practices In Space Exploration - Assignment Example Additionally, NASA holds a favorable balance of risks and benefits that ensure the benefits far outweighs risks(Hacker, Diegel-Vacek, & Piano, 2015). Lastly, NASA adopts respect for the autonomy of the astronauts’ participation, fairness as well as fidelity to the astronauts. Nevertheless, NASA has the mandate of protecting astronauts’ health data as a matter of privacy.The above report on concerns about health standards, ethical responsibilities, and decision-making framework for NASA's space exploration has critical implications for the Advanced Practice Nurses (APN). APN primary obligations involve offering new methods of delivering cost-effective healthcare and making practitioners easily accessible by patients. The report brings out challenging aspects of healthcare that may make APN redefine the risks an astronaut experiences while in the space. Clearly, APN may be clueless of the specific risk factors and their magnitude because stakeholders know little about the space. Similarly, it affects the codes of American Nurses Association (ANA). According to provision six of ANA ethics code, nurse participates in maintaining, establishing, and improving healthcare conditions and environments of employment. It is for the delivery of quality health care that is consistent with the professional values through collective and individual action(Nursingworld.org, 2015). Therefore, ANA needs to understand the nature of space exploration employment to enable it provides proper healthcare standards for it.

The Strength of the Mobile Computing of Apple Case Study

The Strength of the Mobile Computing of Apple - Case Study Example The C.E.O. of Google was in the board of directors of Apple. But when Eric Schmidt stepped down from the position then the competition became intense between the two companies. Google has acquired AdMob which is the maker of sells banner ads. Google has also support the manufacturers of the handsets so that they run the Android operating system and can access the services online. In contrast Microsoft is not the frontrunner in the mobile computing industry. They were unable to make such progress in the mobile computing market when their Windows operating system is in 95% of the PCs of the world. Question 2 Mobile computing environment used to move along with the user and it provides information to the user anywhere and anytime (Talukdar, p.6). Mobile computing is important for the firms as the future of internet searches depends on mobile computing. The research firm Gartner also predicted that the mobile internet search market will grow to 23.5% of searches in 2016. Three firms Appl e, Google and Microsoft are the three big firms in the information technology industry. For capturing the future market these three firms should develop the mobile computing, which will be the dominant technology in future. The mobile internet platform offering of Apple consists of various App store provided which is popular. Google also provide Android OS which is one of the dominant players in the market beside the iOS of Apple. Google develop the App which is not developed by Apple like the multiple applications can’t run at once in the offerings of Apple. But Microsoft is far behind in this competition of mobile computing. Question 3 The application stores of the mobile computing means the different application of software that the user can use. The application should be user friendly and innovative so that the customers get interested in the products. Some applications should be provided in free, which are attractable, so that the customers start to use the application o f that brand. After that the customers would be interested in the paid applications of the brand. Apple has applied that strategy and they were successful. Another criterion is that the applications should be able to run in the system simultaneously. Apple has failed to do so. In this area Google has developed their technology. In the smartphones of Google the users can use some applications simultaneously. If a company which has failed to meet the customer expectations in the mobile applications then the company would stay back in the competition. Question 4 From the researcher point of view the business model of Google will prevail in the epic struggle. Microsoft has not so chance in the current scenario. They were unable to catch the mobile computing market among the three companies. If the company patch up with Apple then there would be little chance of profit from the mobile computing industry. Apple is the frontrunner in the industry but probably they will be unable to develop much from this current position. It is a fact that the Apple users cannot use multiple applications simultaneously, which makes it not so user friendly. It is also a fact that a company can’t expand their profit only using their loyal customer base.  

PUBLICATION DESIGN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

PUBLICATION DESIGN - Essay Example Some of the columns in this magazine include Aesthete, Chronicles of a Spa Junkie, Diary of a Somebody, Finders Keepers, The Haute Seat, The Smart Money, just to mention a few. This magazine has been successful because the content is most familiar to its readers. It is easily relatable to the readers of the columns. This is important because it portrays the content as natural as it can be. It is not the word count that matters in this case but the depth of what has been written that significantly impacts the readers. There is a difference between editorial designs from other designs and that is mostly about the content. The â€Å"How to Spend it† magazine is specifically for luxury lifestyle, the editors are focused on making content known to the readers. In retrospect, for effective publication it was vital that the designer uses the editorial mission in order to communicate the designs in the magazine. This has been well executed; a good example is in the column Technopolis, by Jonathan Margolis, the designs of the Huria bone conductor headphones have been explained in depth to appeal to the reader to read more about the headphones. The headphones intent was for one to listen to music without completely shutting themselves out completely from the world. The descriptions about headphones were accompanied by pictures. The images went a long way into explaining or describing the product. We will not completely ignore the fact that the visuals add a great aspect to the good read from which we derive the content, but it is important to note that the marriage between visuals and content play a much greater role in publication. The importance of all this is to ensure even if the reader is not technology survy at least they will understand the content in the magazine. The publication designs have in so many ways influenced what people think about. They set the tone and mood in our various cultures in the world. Another example can be derived from The Van der p ostings which are an effortless display of luxury products; they are considered a norm and have attempted to attract many into purchasing the products highlighted in the posts. This therefore goes a long way into influencing the culture of a people. This kind of publication design is what makes this magazine to last for long. It is what gives it the staying power (Baines 2002). Marketing communications are nothing compared to design publication because of the depth that design publications portray. They are much richer in communication as they tell a story. In the event that these designs are done ingeniously and creatively by involving a designer, photographer, editor and writer it makes the whole look so smart. Additionally, it has a multiplier effect, whereby the design appears to be more viral and touches everything while making them appear more solid. Garfield (2011) has described fonts in his book to have meanings and create certain impressions. He mentions that fonts today se em to be everywhere and they affect the way one thinks of them in a book, magazine, website or paper. In â€Å"How to Spend it† magazine the typography has been used to describe different content that is being publicized. For instance, in Simon de Burton’s of â€Å"How to Spend it† (2012) column on â€Å"Charging ahead† the font used to describe the topic of the column was

Assessment of risk management perceptions and practices of Essay

Assessment of risk management perceptions and practices of construction contractors in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example ) of Participants List of Figures Figure 1 – Risk Classification Figure 2 – Research Design Acknowledgement I have to mention and give thanks to the people who have provided help and inspiration in making this paper. To Mr. _________ for allowing me to use some of his insights and for giving suggestions; To my family and friends for the support at a time that I almost wanted to give up; And lastly, to Almighty God, for granting me the chance to use time and space to make life exciting and challenging, and student life worth remembering. Contents Title Page No. Author Declaration †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 List of Tables †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 List of Figures †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Acknowledgement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 Chapter 1 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 1.1 Significance of the Study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 1.2 Problem Statement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 1.3 Aim of the Research †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦,,. 10 1.4 Objectives †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 1.5 Justification †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 Chapter 2 Methodology †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 2.1 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 2.2 The Methods... This paper will delve on the vast literature on risk management, concepts and definition of risk management, risk assessment, and concepts and theories of value management and value engineering as introduced and practiced in Saudi Arabia construction Industry. Worldwide construction industry declined in performance because of globalization factors and the introduction of innovations. Some factors include weak management, introduction of new technology, sour relationships between stakeholders, and stiff competition. The construction boom in Saudi Arabia was triggered by the discovery of oil and the government’s decision to allocate a big sum of the budget to construction of buildings, airports, hospitals and other government structures. The Saudi construction industry is now one of the largest in the world. It is estimated in 2005 that the industry reached $35 billion. But in 2006, figures reached a staggering $50 billion. The Saudi Ministry of Planning reported that in 2000, t he construction industry accounted for 30-40% of the economy, the second biggest offered by a non-oil sector. The Oxford Business Group reported that the amount of $300 billion was poured in to the economy through various construction projects. The industry contributed much to the increase in the Saudi gross domestic product. In 2005, GDP rose to SR767,749 Million (1$= 3.75SR), and from this 6.7% was attributed to construction, an amount reaching SR51,446 million. The growth for construction reached a level of 6% in 2005.

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Research Paper Example Bauerlein claims, â€Å"The digital age stupefies young Americans while at the same time jeopardizing their future† because of the technological advancements they have adopted (Bauerlein 3). In his book, Bauerlein argues that what the teachers are offering and the available information on internet not sufficient. This makes him refer to it as the dumbest generation, with allegation that their overdependence on media technology has them less intellect compared to generations before them. Bauerlein’s argument, however, is not true because what the teachers are offering and the available information on internet is sufficient for the generation under 30 years. In his book, Bauerlein accuses the teenagers for their lack of knowledge and intelligence, poor scholastic-effort and lack of ability to be attentive unless stimulated constantly. The author presents arguments, which are rich in disappointment, emotion, and despair to express the negativities associated with technological advancements towards the young generation. Bauerlein clearly presents his arguments to prove his point that this generation has been affected to an extent that it cannot understand that it is dumb. He tries to convince the adults that the young generation should agree that they are the dumbest generation. Basing argument from Bauerlein’s school of thought, it is clear that he does not acknowledge the intelligence and knowledge that the generation under 30 is obtaining from use of technology. Bauerlein has not focused his attention on the behaviors, attitudes, and moralities of the young Americans and the things they have engaged themselves into. He also does not focus on the contributions of technology to the lives of the young generation. This is a clear indication that Bauerlein lacks sufficient evidence to support his claim that the information on the internet is making the dumbest generation less

The Legal and Ethical Impacts That Managed Care Practices Have on Research Paper - 1

The Legal and Ethical Impacts That Managed Care Practices Have on Quality and Access to Patient Care in USA - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that managed care practices have caused legal and ethical effects that have made the quality of care and access to patient care a problem. Managed care institutions have to work within the limits of the available resources. Because the cost of healthcare is high, healthcare practitioners give limited health care to patients. Only the very sick and those who have a great need for care are given priority. Physicians are trapped by monetary incentives that make them compromise decision making between patients’ needs and their own remuneration. There are poor guidelines that make needy patients lack access to procedures or appropriate medication for their specific medical needs. The cost of healthcare has become the motivation of the managed care practices as Kongtvedt points out. The problem with the managed care practices is the cost consciousness that is emphasized. The high cost of healthcare has led managed care practices to reduce the number of referra ls to a specialist. Less costly medication is prescribed to cut on cost. The physicians are restricted on the number of tests and procedures they can request. Cost consciousness could lead to misdiagnosis for lack of tests or inappropriate medication because of giving available less costly treatment. Cost consciousness causes the quality and access to quality care to be reduced. The growth of managed care in the United States has caused various ethical concerns. The concerns emerge from the practices and policies that cause certain deficiencies. Many people lack insurance, others are partly insured while a small fraction of citizens has comprehensive insurance cover. The cost of health is constantly increasing and very few can be able to purchase a comprehensive insurance cover.

The Fiscal and Monetary Policy and Economic Fluctuations Essay - 1

The Fiscal and Monetary Policy and Economic Fluctuations - Essay Example Interest rates: The benchmark interest rate in the United States was last recorded at 0.25 percent Trading Economics (2013). It was more than 4% in the beginning of 2008, but settled at 0.25% at the year end. Since then, there has been hardly any change in the bank interest rate throughout the period of five years. (Annexure – I) Inflation: It could be observed from the data relating to ‘Inflation in US based on Consumer Price Index’ that inflation was at its peak in October 2008 at 3.655% and at 0.964% in October 2013. Inflation in US based on Consumer Price Index Year Rate of inflation October 2013 0.964 % October 2012 2.162 % October 2011 3.525 % October 2010 1.172 % October 2009 -0.183 % October 2008 3,655 % Source: globalrates.com (2013) Employment: Unemployment rate was at 6.5 in October 2008 reached its peak at 10 in October 2009 and is currently at 7.3% in October 2013. (Annexure – II) What is the nature of the changes and what are the reasons for t he changes? It could be observed that all the indices were at its peak in 2008 around this time, that is five years before. Interest rate: Reduction in interest rates propelled consumption, consequently demand for the products. Maintaining interest rates at the constant level had its positive impact by keeping inflation under control as well as unemployment, because any increase in interest rates would have fueled inflation which could in turn affect employment negatively due to decrease in demand. Inflation: Inflation would be still under control when the economy recovers from high level of unemployment till full production potential is exploited in the economy. Inflation has become negative due to high unemployment noticed in 2009, but inched up subsequently as the economy grew and the unemployment situation eased. However, there is considerable improvement in the inflation front in the recent years due to effective monetary policies pursued by Federal Reserve, and it is expected to stabilize around the current levels. Unemployment rate: Increase in demand resulted in increase in production. This has created new demand for labor. The unemployment rate has started coming down from the beginning of 2011. What are the strategies based on fiscal and monetary policies that will encourage people to spend money in order to create economic growth? Fiscal policy: Government spending at the time of economic slowdown will increase employment. Multiplier effect will set in due to creation of employment opportunities in the economy, since it increases consumption potential of the people. The increase in aggregate demand caused in the process will attract new investments and thus create further employment opportunities. This cycle continues if the monetary policies are effective in avoiding overheating of the economy. Another important tool in fiscal policy of the government is taxation. For example, by lowering taxes money supply in the economy is increased. Lowering tax es along with or without increase in government spending will therefore be essential for revival of the economy, especially during recessions. Both government spending and taxation, the most important fiscal tools, will have long term impact on the economy. Decrease in government spending and reduction in tax rates could be more effective to avoid overheating in an economy. However, factors like huge accumulated budget deficits and precarious balance of payments position may

Paraphrasing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Paraphrasing - Essay Example The bony structure of the lumbar spine, unlike the body’s thoracic spine, lacks lateral support but is a specialized structure designed to distribute the weight of heavy loads throughout the back. It consists primarily of trabeculae, a highly vascularized cancellous bone, which is organized in a fashion to redistribute stress throughout the spine. The size of these vertebral bodies progressively increases in direct relation to the augmentation of gravitational loads from the cephalic to the caudal segments of the spine. These segments are connected with ligaments and muscular tissue to each concurring segment located above or below the bony structure. The composition of the body’s intervertebral disc consists primarily of outer annulus fibrosis, which holds the transmitting nociceptors and proprioceptive nerve endings, and the inner nucleus pulposus. Nociception is the process whereby chemical responses to interpret pain or sensation and illicit physical reactions from the brain to the central nervous system, including basic movement. The signals are sent through peripheral neural pathways and are received by the outer annulus fibrosis, posterior longitudinal ligament, facet capsule and the associated muscle groups located in the particular segment of the spine. The composition of the inner annulus, which holds the nucleus, provides the spinal disc with supplemental support during instances of compression. A healthy nucleus pulposus consists of the majority of the surface area of each spinal disc, supporting seven-tenths of the compression against each disc. During the course of adolescence, bone growth balances the proportionate decrease of disc height and loading pressure shifts posteriorly. Over the course of an individual’s development, the overgrowth of bone structures and the inherent hypertrophy of facets lead to the narrowing of central canals and progressive foraminal.

British Government Essay Example for Free

British Government Essay Evaluate different methods of estimating the current extinction rate. Do you think that humans will induce a mass extinction on the same scale as the Big Five? Introduction: There is consensus in the scientific community that the current massive degradation of habitat and extinction of many of the Earths biota is unprecedented and is taking place on a catastrophically short timescale. Based on extinction rates estimated to be thousands of times the background rate, figures approaching 30% extermination of all species by the mid 21st century are not unrealistic, an event comparable to some of the catastrophic mass extinction events of the past. The current rate of rainforest destruction poses a profound threat to species diversity. Likewise, the degradation of the marine ecosystems is directly evident through the denudation of species that were once dominant and integral to such ecosystems. Indeed, this colloquium is framed by a view that if the current global extinction event is of the magnitude that seems to be well indicated by the data at hand, then its effects will fundamentally reset the future evolution of the planets biota. Robert Whittaker recognized an additional kingdom for the Fungi. The resulting five-kingdom system, proposed in 1969, has become a popular standard and with some refinement is still used in many works, or forms the basis for newer multi-kingdom systems. It is based mainly on differences in nutrition: his Plantae were mostly multicellular autotrophs, his Animalia multicellular, heterotrophs and his Fungi multicellular saprotrophs. The remaining two kingdoms, Protista and Monera, included unicellular and simple cellular colonies. Extinction rates in the fossil records: The time at which an organism is classified as becoming extinct is when the youngest fossil of its form is found. It is likely that there would have been later examples of the organism present, which were simply not preserved. It is known that some genera have existed for long periods around this time without leaving any known fossil record by the phenomena of Lazarus taxa. It is believed that these organisms were simply not preserved during the time they are missing, or preserved in offshore sediments as yet undiscovered. This may also be the case with many other organisms creating the illusion they are becoming extinct before they are in reality. Ecological Evolutionary Factor affecting the past extinction: Many claim that human activity caused a large scale of plants and animals extinction. The others claim that human caused extinctions are on a similar scale to those that occurred 65 million years ago at the boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary eras when most species perished including the dinosaurs. This causes two distinct worries: (1) The loss of species will harm humans (2) Quite apart from any harm to humans; there is a duty to prevent ecocide. According to Peter Raven (National Academy of Science) â€Å"We are confronting an episode of species extinction greater than anything the world has experienced for the past 65 million years. Of all the global problems that confront us, this is the one that is moving the most rapidly and the one that will have the most serious consequences. And, unlike other global ecological problems, it is completely irreversible. † Different people evaluate this duty differently. Since the purpose of these pages is establish the sustainability of material progress, Ill take the view that although biodiversity is an important amenity, we are mainly concerned with the extent to which losses of diversity are a threat to human progress. One interesting fact in the article concerns the effect of an increase in temperature on the north-south range of a plant species, especially of trees. It turns out that the northern limit of a species is determined by temperature. As that limit is approached the rate of growth goes to zero. However, the rate of growth of a species does not decline as it approaches the southern limit of its range but remains stable or even increases. What determines a species’ southern boundary is competition from other species that require high temperatures. For this reason the southern boundary of a species is likely to change slowly as its territory is gradually invaded by species liking warm temperature. The invasion is likely to begin in gaps caused by logging and various kinds of die-off. According to Lord Robert May (FRS)-Chief Scientific Adviser to the British Government. â€Å"Hardly a day passes without one being told that tropical deforestation is extinguishing roughly one species every hour, or maybe even one every minute. Such guesstimates are based on approximate species-area relations, along with assessments of current rates of deforestation and guesses at the global total number of species (which range from 5 to 80 million or more. ) While such figures arguably have a purpose in capturing public attention, there is a clear and increasing need for better estimates of impending rates of extinction, based on a keener understanding of extinction rates in the recent and far past, and on the underlying ecological and evolutionary causes. † Scientists who worry about extinctions often agree that the world will reach a new equilibrium as temperature increases assuming it does. However, they worry that the rate of increase of temperature is unprecedented and that species, especially of plants, will migrate northward too slowly and become extinct. Roughly 43 percent of the earth’s terrestrial vegetated surface has diminished capacity to supply benefit to humanity because of the recent, direct impacts of the land use. This represents 10 percent reduction in potential direct instrumental value (PDIV), defined as the potential to yield direct benefits such as agricultural, forestry, industrial and medical products. Capitalizing on the natural recovery mechanisms is urgently needed to prevent further irreversible degradation and to retain the multiple values of productive land. Differences in extinction rates among groups: Estimated Future extinction rates from the species area relations: A better way of studying rates of complete biota extinction levels has been developed with the analysis of isotopic ratios of Carbon. When life is abundant there is almost completely carbon-12 within the geological record. Enzymes within organisms, passing into organic matter faster, more efficiently accept this isotope, which becomes lithified into rock. At times of lowered biotic activity, such as at an extinction event when a lot of life has been killed, the ratio of carbon-13 within the rocks will be higher as a higher proportion of carbon will be being fixed as carbonates inorganically. Inorganic precipitation of carbon does not differentiate between the different isotopes of carbon as life does. By analyses of carbon isotope ratios it is then possible to see, by peaks in the carbon-13, at what times there has been a reduction of biotic activity. This is independent of whether organisms present are being preserved or not, and shows at what rates the extinction is occurring. Estimated future extinction rates from IUCN red Lists: Recent extinction rates are 100 to 1000 times their pre-human levels well known, but taxonomically diverse groups from widely different environments. If all species currently deemed threatened become extinct in the next century, then the future extinction rates will be 10 times recent rates. Although new technology provides details on habitat losses, estimates of future extinctions are hampered by our limited knowledge of which areas are rich in endemics. The 2004 IUCN Red List contains 15,589 species threatened with extinction. The assessment includes species from a broad range of taxonomic groups including vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, and fungi. However, this figure is an underestimate of the total number of threatened species as it is based on an assessment of less than 3% of the world’s 1. 9 million described species. Among major species groups, the percentage of threatened species ranges between 12% and 52%. The IUCN Red List identifies 12% of birds as threatened, 23% of mammals, and 32% of amphibians. Although reptiles have not been completely assessed, the turtles and tortoises are relatively well reviewed with 42% threatened. Fishes are also poorly represented, but roughly a third of sharks, rays and chimaeras have been assessed and 18% of this group is threatened. Regional case studies on freshwater fishes indicate that these species might be more threatened than marine species. For example, 27% of the freshwater species assessed in Eastern Africa were listed as threatened. Of plants, only conifers and cycads have been completely assessed with 25% and 52% threatened respectively. References: Robert M. May, John H. Lawton and Nigel E. Stork. â€Å" Assessing Extinction Rates† â€Å"Extinction Rate Analysis† http://palaeo. gly. bris. ac. uk/Palaeofiles/Permian/rateanalysis. html â€Å"Restoring the value to the worlds degraded Lands† Gretchen C. Daily â€Å"The future of biodiversity â€Å" Stuart L. Pimm, Gareth j. Russell, John L. Gittleman ,Thomas M. Brook â€Å"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species†http://www. iucn. org/themes/ssc/red_list_2004/GSAexecsumm_EN. htm References: IUCN 2001. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3. 1. IUCN Species Survival Commission, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, pp. ii+30. Parr C. S. and Cummings M. P. 2005. Data sharing in ecology and evolution. Trends Ecol. Evol. 20: 362–363. Purvis A. and Rambaut A. 1995. Comparative analysis by independent contrasts (CAIC): an Apple Macintosh application for analysing comparative data. Comput. Appl. Biosci. 11: 247–251. Sherwood, Keith and Craig Idso (2003) â€Å"The Specter of Species Extinction Will Global Warming Decimate Earths Biosphere? † 2003 September John Lawton and Robert May â€Å"BIODIVERSITY AND EXTINCTION RATES† 17-May-2004) www-formal. stanford. edu/jmc/progress/biodiversity. html

Public Healthcare In Malaysia Health And Social Care Essay

Public Healthcare In Malaysia Health And Social Care Essay This chapter of the paper would explain on the introduction to this study and issues background. It would consist of problem statement, objectives, research questions, scope, significant of the study, limitations and some important terms that will be use in this research. Introduction Healthcare system in Malaysia is one of the crucial sector focus by the government. The healthcare services can be divided into public and private sector. There are many efforts done by the government to increase country healthcare quality such as by including healthcare aspects in formulating 10th Malaysia plan strategies that are: Strategy 1 : Establish a comprehensive healthcare system recreational infrastructure Strategy 2 : Encourage health awareness healthy lifestyle activities. Strategy 3 : Empower the community to plan or implement individual wellness programme (responsible for own health) Strategy 4 : Transform the health sector to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the delivery system to ensure universal access It showed government really concern in improving and fulfilling people healthcare necessity. The public healthcare in Malaysia consist of government public hospital and clinics. public and private sector has spend billion of money in providing better healthcare and it will continuing increase align with the increase of Malaysia population. According to country health plan in 10th Malaysia plan for 2011-2015, population of Malaysia has increase till 28.3 million and 2.32 million of it was immigrant and foreign workers. Moreover, 24.4 % from the total immigrants residing in Sabah. It means the number population will keep increasing from year to year. The more higher population would need the more good healthcare providers. The public and health sector has invest lot of money in ensuring the current healthcare availability is enough in fulfilling people high demand. The table below shown total expenditure on health from 1997 to 2008. Therefore, in 23rd October 2009, prime minister YAB Dato Sri Najib Tun Razak established 1Malaysia clinics under 1Care programme of 1 Malaysia concept. According to the prime minister 1Malaysia concept is define as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦provide a free and open forum to discuss the things that matter deeply to us as a Nation. It provides a chance to express and explore the many perspectives of our fellow citizens. What makes Malaysia unique is the diversity of our peoples. 1Malaysias goal is to preserve and enhance this unity in diversity which has always been our strength and remains our best hope for the future. I hope this Website will initiate an open and vital dialogue exploring our Malaysian identity, purpose, and direction. I encourage each of you to join me in defining our Malaysia and the role we must play in its future. Each of us despite our differences shares a desire for a better tomorrow. Each of us wants opportunity, respect, friendship, and understanding (1Malaysia Booklet). The definition of 1Care Malaysia is national health restructuring system that provide more choice of quality health care, better healthcare coverage that require by the population based on solidarity and equity. This new system should improve old system by providing new effort in enhancing people healthcare quality (Maimunah binti A hamid, 2010). 1Malaysia clinics objective is to provide affordable and quality healthcare treatment to the local residents especially for middle and local income group. It manage by medical assistance and only applicable in handling minor treatment and limited medicine prescription. Currently, there are 100 clinics with additional RM 17.2 Million budget (Nes strait times, 2012). In sabah only there are 20 clinics and 2 (Sulaman sentral kota kinabalu and Bandar Leila, Sandakan) of it has been upgraded to Klinik Kesihatan. The upgraded of 1Malaysia clinic to become Klinik Kesihatan is because the positive response from loal residents and the clinic received more than 100 patients per day. The upgraded is hope to provide better services to the people with extra expertise (Utusan, 2012). TOTAL EXPENDITURE ON HEALTH, 1997-2008 (RM, NORMINAL VALUE) Year Expenditure on Health (RM million) Expenditure on Health as % of GDP Total GDP (nominal value) (RM million) 1997 8,213 2.9 281,795 1998 8,966 3.2 283,243 1999 9,743 3.2 300,764 2000 11,516 3.4 342,612 2001 12,520 3.7 334,309 2002 13,620 3.8 360,568 2003 19,164 4.6 418,769 2004 21,378 4.5 474,048 2005 21,915 4.2 519,451 2006 24,788 4.3 572,555 2007 30,228 4.7 641,864 2008 35,149 4.7 740,721 Source: Malaysia National Health Accounts 2007 PROBLEM STATEMENT Malaysia government has established lot of healthcare effort in order to increase public health quality for example 1Malaysia clinic and klinik kesihatan. These two clinic is related to each other and offer almost the same system of service delivery and purpose. This study conduct to identify the comparison between these two clinics based on certain aspects of effectiveness. There are a few issues arise related to these government healthcare program. The first issues is related to the reliability of 1Malaysia clinics services, the concern shows by president of the Malaysian medical association (MMA), Dr. David Quek. He said that the establishment of 1malaysia clinic provides low healthcare standard system because it operates by medical assistance and nurses only. He also reminded the ministry, the limitation of knowledge among medical assistance and nurses in giving medical advices and medicines would affect the healthcare services in Malaysia (the sun, 2010). It not aligns with the modernization of Malaysia and this kind of system similar with healthcare system during world war. He also showing concern related to 1malaysia legality, according to Medical Act 1971 its illegal for a medical assistance to manage a clinic (the star online, 2009).   The provision referred by Dr David Quek is Medical Act 1971 Section 33. (1) (f), the section stated: 33(1) Any person not registered or exempted from registration under this Act who (f) uses the term clinic or dispensary or hospital or the equivalent or any of there terms in any other language in the signboard over his place of practice in purported practice of medicine or surgery as a person registered under this Act; shall be guilty of an offence against this Act. It showed that there are some doubt by the public related to the 1Malaysia clinic effectiveness. The effectiveness of 1Malaysia clinics is a major corcern to the public because of the high cost of establishment. Government allocated RM 10 million for 50 clinics in 2010 and RM 7.2 Million in 2012 for adding 20 more clinics, it cost lot of country money allocation for established all clinics for the public (Bernama, 2012). The failure of this clinics can cause loss to the country with the high expenses given. After establishment of 1Malaysia clinic, government came with another idea for improving people healthcare quality especially for middle and low income group by upgrading the 1Malaysia clinic into klinik kesihatan. For those 1Malaysia clinic that exceed 100 patients per day, the clinic would be upgraded to klinik kesihatan and 1 doctor would be provided. Klinik kesihatan as a replacement of 1Malaysia clinics guesting to provide better service and medication compare to before the u pgraded. This study will focusing on comparing between 1Malaysia clinics and Klinik kesihatan in a few effectiveness aspects. It also hope to answer a few main questions related to the improvement of services between before and after upgraded. In Malaysia there is limited proper study done related to the evaluation of this healthcare program especially when it related to the 1Malaysia clinics. it also very difficult to find comparison study between government clinics for such as 1Malaysia clinic and klinik kesihatan. By conducting this study, it may assist in evaluate whether this program that cost RM 10 Millions is resulting good result for the public. In addition, this study also may help in figuring out the relevant of 1Malaysia clinic implementation and service changes happened through the upgrading process. Objectives To identify comparative analysis between 1 Malaysia clinic and Klinik Kesihatan in term of: Accessibility Availability Treatment Staff services Environment Waiting time Research questions Comparative analysis between 1 Malaysia clinics with Klinik Kesihatan: What is the people preference between 1 Malaysia clinic and Klinik Kesihatan? Why? What are the rationale the establishment of the new healthcare program, 1Malaysia clinics compare to existed government health clinics? What are the differences between these two clinics: Which of the clinics provides better accessibility to the patients? Which of these clinics better in term of availability? Which of these clinics provides better health treatment to the patients? Which of these clinics provides friendlier services to the patients? Which of these clinics provides a better treatment environment? Which of these clinics provide better waiting time? Scope Of Study This study will be conducted at Klinik kesihatan Sulaman sentral, kota kinabalu sabah. The respondents of this study consist of representative of health ministry, both clinics staffs and patients. SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY This study is significant as a feedback to the policy maker. The policy maker is refer to government especially ministry of health that responsible in formulating and implementing any healthcare programs. Result of this thesis can be use as one of the feedback especially to 1Malaysia clinics and Klinik Malaysia implementation. Not only that, policy makers also can beneficial from this study by referring to the findings and it can give them some ideas related to the current service quality provided and from the analysis also it can be use as one way to improvise the healthcare practices in the future. The other beneficial gain from this study is as a contribution to the body of knowledge in this discipline. In Malaysia, there were very limited past research done related to government healthcare services especially comparative study between two government clinics. Most of the past study only focusing on on customer satisfaction and comparison between public and private clinics only. The study conducted can be as one of the reference and source to the future researchers because it rare to find any comparative study related to the two government healthcare services especially related to 1Malaysia clinics. It is because 1Malaysia clinics is still in progress and new programs that established by the prime minister under 1Malaysia concept in 2009. Besides that, this comparative study between 1Malaysia clinic and Klinik kesihatan can be as one of the information sources for the public. It because public has lack of information related to these clinics and only a few people notice about the upgrading and changes happened. Through this study, it can provide some understanding to the public about the public clinic system and the reason of upgrading of 1Malaysia clinics. Finally, they can realize the government effort in providing better healthcare to the people especially for the middle and low income group. LIMITATIONS The first limitation is difficulty in searching for past research. There lack of study done related to healthcare service in Malaysia especially in comparing between government healthcare services. It can be a challenges to the researcher in finding past research related to the 1Malaysia clinics and Klinik kesihatan because of it a new programs and no focus done related to this topics. Result from the difficulty, it hardly to find strong statement to support details in this research. The second limitation is in analysis the information. This study is a qualitative research and the information gain from interviewing respondents from ministry of health, clinics staff and patients that experienced the services. It means the information gather from the interview, it can be a limitation to the study to observe the body language of interviewee carefully and at the same time make sure all the interview details taken taken into account.Furthermore, it also a challenge for analysis the information received and make ensure the result is based on the actual interviews. In order to overcome this limitation, the researchers has use another way of recording the conversation so at the interviews conducted all the attention can be given in asking, understanding and observing the respondents. Limitation also exist in finding the right patient respondents, it because the respondents should be someone who has been received treatment from both 1Malaysia clinic and klinik kesihatan so the information given more reliable and convenient if the patients experiencing both clinics treatment. It would be time consuming for search the right respondents to be interview.

Should We Continue To Commemorate Wars? :: essays research papers

Should we continue to commemorate wars? Discuss with reference to specific examples. Throughout the course of this essay I will be discussing whether or not we should continue to commemorate wars, I will be mainly referring to Armistice Day and Remembrance Sunday as my examples because these are the biggest commemorations for any of the wars in British history. Among all of the ceremonies and silences that occur throughout the year, there is still a tendency for people to forget what they are commemorating and remembering. When we commemorate wars, for example on remembrance weekend, we are remembering tens of thousands of people who died defending the country against evil; we also remember the people who these people loved and the loss that they encountered. We commemorate Armistice Day because it is 80 years to the day since World War One ended and the two-minute silence is to commemorate this. The silence, says the Royal British Legion, is "to remember the brave men and women who fought so courageously and with such sacrifice to secure the freedom which you and I enjoy today". On Remembrance Sunday there is another two minutes silence at eleven o’clock. The poppies worn and laid are a mark of respect for those who have died in wars everywhere in our name. Also a march past by veterans from wars symbolises the suffering and pain that goes on everywhere today and that is endured by some many. Commemoration is a time to reflect on the fact that our entire way of life is predicated on the sacrifices and courage of those that came before us and fought for our respective nations. It takes more courage than most of us can imagine risking ones life for an intangible goal such as victory for a nation. It has long been held that we should honour our past soldiers, to that honour I say that we should add thanks and deference. I think that commemorations should be an opportunity for all people but especially the young to thank and be grateful for the service of the forces and civilians during both the world wars. The sacrifices made and that are still having to be lived with by some should never be forgotten These commemorations means to me a time when the memories of those soldiers who gave their lives for the causes of peace are appreciated by people who have benefited from this.

Robinson Crusoe :: essays research papers

By definition, a savage is an uncivilized person. Friday would not fit this description because he was civilized. He was a product of the civilization that surrounded him where he came from. His appearance, behaviors, and beliefs were that of all the others in what might be called his tribe. The simple fact that he had religious beliefs is evidence of him being somewhat civilized. A savage can also be thought of as anyone or anything not European. Clearly Friday was not European, yet his features were not consistent with what would normally be considered "savage". He is described as having "a very good Countenance, not a fierce and surly Aspect†¦", "he had all the Sweetness and Softness of an European in his Countenance too†¦", "His Hair was long and black, not curl’d like Wool†¦", "The Colour of his Skin was not quite black, but very tawny; and yet not of an ugly yellow nauseous tawny, as the Brasilians, and Virginians, and other Natives of America are†¦", and "his Nose small, not flat like the Negroes, a very good mouth, thin Lips, and his fine Teeth well set, and white as Ivory" (Defoe 205). When the two characters meet, Friday approaches Robinson Crusoe in a very sedate manner, Friday is terrified yet he does not lash out at Robinson Crusoe. He does not seem wild, ferocious or barbaric in any way. He uses sign language at first to communicate, which indicates knowledge of some sort of primitive language. He is quick to learn Robinson Crusoe’s language and is eager to learn more while Robinson Crusoe stays clear of learning Friday’s language. It is apparent that Friday has religious or spiritual beliefs right from the beginning. When Robinson Crusoe saves Friday from the savages that brought him to the island to devour him, Friday is extremely grateful and he offers himself as an eternal servant to Robinson Crusoe. "At last he lays his Head flat upon the Ground, close to my Foot, and sets my other Foot upon hi shead, as he had done before; after this made all the Signs to me of Subjection, Servitude, and Submission imaginable, to let me know, how he would serve me as long as he liv’d†¦" (Defoe 206). After it became evident that Friday was not a threat of any sort, Robinson Crusoe was grateful for his presence. Friday would become a valuable asset for the daily activities of Robinson Crusoe’s habitation.

Interracial Dating Explored in Save the Last Dance Essay -- Films Movi

Interracial Dating Explored in Save the Last Dance The movie, Save the Last Dance, goes along with all of our discussions and conversations about the visual difference between the black and white cultures and the stereotyping that Hollywood does of the two cultures. The movie shows the difference in the two cultures, according to Hollywood.you have your typical white middle-class suburban girl (Sarah) and your typical low-class black boy (Derrick). Save the Last Dance is a love story about the pros and cons that comes along with interracial dating. Hollywood displays Sarah as your typical white girl whose forced to move into a low-class neighborhood (with her father, Roy), which is inhabited mostly by blacks, after her mother dies in a tragic car accident on her way to one of her audition. The theme of the movie is really plain and simple. Sarah has always wanted to become a ballerina and attend Julliard, a school of performing arts in New York, however, after the death of her mother, she loses the passion for her dream. Like I mentioned above, Sarah was forced to move with her father, Roy, who lived in an old ratty house deep in a ghetto (inhabited mostly by blacks) in New York City. It had to have been a huge culture shock for Sarah, I mean, here is this white middle-class girl who feels that she?s to blame for her mothers death. And in an instant, she?s taken away from her home, neighborhood, and friends and forced to live and attend school in a black ghetto....

Bmg Case Study

CASE STUDY IV. 3 BMG(A) 2824309 Which geographic market areas should be chosen for closer analysis? Introduction Bertelsmann Music Group, (BMG), is the global music division of Bertelsmann AG, a transnational media corporation founded in 1835, based in Gutersloh, Germany. Its headquarters are located in New York. BMG, established in 1987, is now one of the world’s biggest music companies with more than 200 record labels in 42 countries. It is also home to one of the industry’s foremost music distribution companies and one of the world’s largest music publishing companies. According to Table 1 BMG is the world’s second record company in terms of global market share. Moreover Chart 1 shows that most of BMG revenues come from Europe and North America. Table 1: Global market shares of major players 2001 Vivendi Polygram Sony AOL Time Warner EMI BMG Market value % % % % % $ billion Australia 13 27 18 18 6 0. 7 Canada 20 13 24 10 8 1. 1 US 13 14 22 10 12 11. 2 Japan 13 18 7 14 8 7. 0 Germany 23 12 13 22 15 3. 0 UK 22 13 11 22 9 2. 4 France 32 25 13 19 11 2. 3 Netherlands 23 14 8 15 13 0. 7 Italy 19 16 17 15 24 0. 6 Korea 10 5 4 5 5 0. 5 Sweden 20 19 13 26 22 0. 3 Taiwan 17 5 14 6 5 0. 3 Other countries – – – – – 5. 4 World 13 13 14 16 14 35. 5 {draw:frame} * {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} * {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} Global Music Market Analysis {draw:frame} Table 2 – Recorded Music Sales 2008 (trade value) Chart 3 – Global digital revenue {draw:frame} Record companies are gradually changing their approach to do business as a response of a dramatic change in the way music is distributed and consumed. Nowadays digital platforms account for around 20% of recorded music sales, up from 15% in 2007. Recorded music is facing the so called online and mobile revolution, generating more revenue in percentage terms through digital platforms than newspaper, magazine and film industries combined. Assessment of potential market After this brief analysis of the global music market it is now time to decide which geographic areas, and specifically countries, would be right to expand BMG’s business. I will therefore analyze these three countries: Brazil, China and India. BRAZIL PEST ANALYSIS {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} CHINA PEST ANALYSIS {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} INDIA PEST ANALYSIS Economic Factors: The GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) is estimated at 2. 965 trillion U. S. dollars in the year 2007. The GDP per capita (PPP) was 2700 U. S. dollars as estimated in 2007. The GDP real growth rate in 2007 was 8. 7%. India has the third highest GDP in terms of purchasing power parity just ahead of Japan and behind U. S. and China. Foreign direct investment rose in the fiscal year ended March 31 2007 to about $16 billion from just $5. 5 billion a year earlier. There is a continuous growth in per capita income; India’s per capita income is expected to reach 1000 dollars by the end of 2007-08 from 797 dollars in 2006-07. This will lead to higher buying power in the hands of Indian consumers. Social Factors: India is the second most populous nation in the world with an approximate population of over 1. 1billion people. This population is divided in the following age structure: 0-14 years – 31. %, 15-64 years – 63. 1% and 65 years and above – 5. 1%. Technological Factors: Internet adoption continues to grow in India as well as the telecom market. According to the Internet & Mobile Association of India (IAMAI), the low cost of broadband has helped increase Internet usage (3. 7% of the population in 2007). E-commerce and high demand for . in domain registrations are also factors for the in crease in online users. Moreover sweeping reforms introduced by successive Indian governments over the last decade have dramatically changed the nature of telecommunications in the country. The mobile sector has grown more than tenfold from 2001 to around 60 million subscribers by mid-2005. Music market characteristic Brazil: Sales tax 15% / 18%; import tax 16%. 75% of the market share is made by domestic repertoire. The market is characterized by many small independent record companies. Commercial piracy is still a huge problem in South America, reaching levels above 50% in every country. India: Sales tax 4% /12. 5%; import tax 17. 3%. Size of the music industry estimate at USD 149 million. On a conservative basis, the music industry has been pegged to grow at 3% over the next five years. Till 1990, the music industry was completely dominated by film and devotional music. With the advent of satellite television and increasing consumer exposure to non-film albums and remixes have gained popularity recently. In the non-film category devotional music produced by smaller and local companies is the most popular. The Indian music industry is quite unique compared to those in other countries as it is virtually dependent on new Hindi (Bollywood) films for the lion’s share (40%) of its revenues. In the film centric Indian Music industry, there is virtually no loyalty for labels among the segment that buys only film music. China: Sales tax 17%; import tax 17%. It is characterized by an undeveloped piracy-dominated physical market and a rapidly-developing wireless environment. Mobile music is already far advanced. For the international record companies operating in China, sales of music via mobile phones already accounts for about 15% of industry revenues. There are five legitimate digital music services in China and we forecast there will be many more setting up in the next few years. In the past two years the volume of music made available online has increased more than six-fold to more than two million songs. Illegal sales of music are China is valued by IFPI at around US$400 million. Market Attractiveness Scaling Grid Relative Competitive Strength Scaling Grid C = China B = Brazil I = India Market Attractiveness/Competitive Strength Matrix {draw:frame} Word Counter 2. 104 References http://www. indianmi. org/ http://www. ifpi. org/ Hollensen, S. (2007), Global Marketing 4th Edition. UK: Pearson Education Limited

Politics of Democratic States Essay

public speaking much(prenominal) fully closely the threat of terrorism and the need for lore to flake it, the reliance on terrorism has been precise widespread when speaking of the fight against inter landal terror. Initially, the assist to fighting terrorism was intellection to be laws against terrorist activities in an struggle to castigate to prevent terrorist acts however, this was sh bear to be in trenchant, evidenced by many events originationwide.Eventually, the valid conclusion was reached that fast password was often more telling to prevent organized terror efforts where laws to admonish them have failed (Evening Standard-London). In yet some(prenominal) new(prenominal) case, we see how intelligence has become something upon which governments whopping and small rely for their really survival. Indeed, no nation can survive without economicalal, as hale as domestic security measure, which has caused a reliance on intelligence for economic security al so.Intelligence in the renovation of stinting Security In old-fashioned times, the tribes with the most gold controlled territories because of their ability to buy what was needed pay soldiers to fight, and so forth. In modern life, economic security is a key concern as well for every nation. Without the ability to maintain an effective military, provide for the wellbeing of the citizens, and keep the people feeling confident about the nation, thus nothing can take place.Therefore, economic security must(prenominal) stay at the highest possible level, which once again is do possible through effective intelligence operations (Foucauld). Indeed, the correct intelligence is meaty to the economic security of a nation because if good intelligence indicates that there atomic number 18 monetary allocations required for a given over course of defense, and grand financial resources ar dedicated to that effort, it can well be a highly wise enthronization in the yearnevity of th e nation.On the early(a) hand, however, if insalubrious intelligence leans toward a massive financial liability which was not needed, and the obligation is made at the sacrifice of early(a)(a) needed alternatives, the consequences could be devastating. In this scenario, the kin between intelligence and financial security is clear intelligence is essential for unused budgetary decisions, but the intelligence must likewise be of sufficient true statement to warrant valid strategic moves.In the previous section of this paper, the discussion of crude came about in terms of its strategic importance in the world in this section that deals with finance, the oil issue bears repeating. crude oil is a key economic device driver worldwide, and therefore, nations rely on intelligence about the global oil hang on to aim for their future initiatives. Oil, in the modern economy, is much like gold was to the early tribal leaders. The nations that have the majority of the oil supply inde ed hold the key to the financial progress of the globe in their hands.Without a free flow of oil in the world, the economy is bound to stall, and chaos give ensue. Reports indicate that the nations that hold the major world supplies of oil guard the amount of useable oil as a deep guarded state secret, so as not to tip their advantage to other nations therefore, clandestine intelligence is so very important to try to learn this information. Again, bad intelligence in this area, or no(prenominal) at all, could be deadly. The reliance on intelligence continues in this area as well. ConclusionThis paper has utilized pertinent writings and educated conclusions based upon that literature to explore government intelligence in greater depth in an effort to project why governments rely on it. If nothing else has been proved in this paper, it cannot be denied that given the complex world in which modern governments operate, an intelligence network of some sort must be in place for all nations to protect their own interests as well as to monitoring device the activities of rival nations and their international neighbors.Perhaps, as well, an answer to the conflicts of the world lies in the use of intelligence, for if a nation is able to prove and understand that their neighbors are not as laborious as they appear, and that they are gathering intelligence to confirm the same about other nations, maybe everyone can relax a bit and have a more amiable international relationship, which in the long run, could help the world to be safer and more prosperous.Works CitedBar-Joseph, Uri. Intelligence Intervention in the Politics of Democratic States The United States, Israel, and Britain. University Park, PA Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995. DeSouza, Patrick J. , ed. Economic dodge and National Security A coterminous Generation Approach. Boulder, CO Westview Press, 2000. Foucauld, Jean-Baptiste De. Post-Industrial Society and Economic Security. International Lab our check over 135. 6 (1996) 675+. The Hidden Hand Britain, America and raw War Secret Intelligence. Contemporary Review Nov. 2001 320.

Ethics in Counseling Essay

This paper analyses social, ethical and legal issues at heart a illness initiated by the NSW Health C atomic number 18 Complaints Commission (HCCC) against a psychologist, Steven Kreft (HCCC v Kreft, 2011). The HCCC investigated a direction by a lymph node of Kreft of individualized and informal disclosures, as thoroughly as un pro treatment in the entreaty of a imagegraph of the node in which the invitee was dressed in underwear. Krefts actions are assessed in light of pro and ethical standards as hearty as potential breaches of the law. Steven Kreft, was an experienced psychologist fixly specialising in the treatment of men with misgiving conditions using cognitive- demeanoral therapy (HCCC v Kreft, 2011). The customer, a 19-year-old married woman, was referred to Kreft beca recitation of anxiety and possibly holy terror attacks, yet during the initial st advances of charge, she raised resemblanceship problems, her look and internal desires and class perio ds with him and these became the focus of their sessions.Kreft conveyed to the lymph gland that he was non experienced or skilled in the treatment of onlyiance problems or knowledgeable dis alleges, however, the invitee stated that she wished to continue working with him and he did not insist on referring her elsewhere. The client ultimately charge Kreft of failing to observe proper headmaster boundaries and winsome in inappropriate discussions of a ad hominem character in which he Complimented her on her appearance referring to her bantam size, short height and thin build, and likened her to his girlfriend Commented on her draining Bonds underwear like his girlfriend wore Asked the client to comment on his physical appearance break details of his soulal life including the number of sexual dieners he had had, that his girlfriend would share a cognise with separate girlfriends when they slept over, that he had been in love many times, and that he had thought roughl y homosexuality during his offspring (HCCC v Kreft, 2011). In addition, Kreft was acc utilize of failing to go on or observe appropriate redress approach pattern and/or failing to observe proper professional boundaries when he asked the client for photographs for a study in which other good deal would rate the clients appearance. One of these photographs pictured the client dressed in underwear. Kreft copied these photographs onto his declare computer for later presentation to anon. others.This reading was not recorded in the clients clinical notes (HCCC v Kreft, 2011). The HCCC investigated the clients complaints and took disciplinary action against him. There are numerous social, ethical and legal issues in this case. Although Kreft was in detail a psychologist, for the figure of this paper, his orchestrate will be assessed against the Australian Counselling Associations computer code of morality and Practice (2012). This paper will look the power dissymmetry surro unded by Kreft and his client, the effect of his exact on the therapeutic human congenership and whether Krefts deportment might baffle breached sexual torture laws. ethical and legal guidelines exist to offer protection to people who whitethorn experience harm as a result of the actions of another individual. According to Welfel (2013, p.3), professional morals in counselling encompasses five dimensions of behaviour including having competent knowledge, skill and judgement respecting the clients homo dignity and freedom using a advocates internal power responsibly and, performing to promote public confidence in the counselling profession.This provides a useful framework for assessing Krefts conduct in this case. Beginning with Krefts expertise, Kreft usually used a strict cognitive-behavioural protocol for the management of anxiety and panic disorders. Kreft is described by his own treating headhunter as a skilled practitioner in a narrow-minded field, having been tr ained to think rationally and logically. Krefts practice involved administering protocols, carrying out logic-based interventions and requires his patients to lock a mindset where they share a cat valium objective and commitment to the treatment and its proposed outcome (HCCC v Kreft, 2011 at 227).Although referred to Kreft because of his relevant expertise, the treatment interaction became sexualised when the client began talking almost her sexual experiences and practices. There was shape up exploration of her concerns nearly her personal appearance, low self-esteem, learn for validation by men via her sexual activities and descriptions of her circumstantial sexual behaviour. Here, Kreft was out of his professional depth. Specifically on this matter, the Australian Counselling Associations (ACA) recruit of Ethics and Practice states that counsellors moldiness endeavour to arrange suit qualified referral where competent service cannot be provided (p.3) and begin steady s upervision and debriefing to develop skills, reminder performance and sustain professional accountability (p.3).Although Kreft appreciate thatthe clients sexual intercourseship and sexual issues were beyond his expertise and conveyed as much to the client, he could contrive insisted on referral, despite the clients orientation course for continued sessions with him. The ACA further states that competence includes creation able to recognise when it is appropriate to refer a client elsewhere (p.12). The rationale for this professional view is that counsellors are necessitate to take all reasonable move to regard that the client does not suffer physical, activated or psychological harm during counselling sessions (p.4). Sexualisation of the therapeutic relationship can be harmful to clients, and in this case, it is difficult to see how it served the client. According to the ACA Code of Ethics and Practice, the helping relationship prepares the effective and appropriate use of helpers skills that are for the benefit and sanctuary of the client in his or her circumstances (2012, p.3), and counsellors essential take all reasonable steps to ensure that the client does not suffer physical, emotional or psychological harm during counselling sessions (2012, p.4).In relation to the disclosures, for whose benefit where they? It is unclear what led Kreft to make sexualised self-disclosures and what purpose he thought they served. Perhaps it was a reaction to the clients exploration of her relationships and sexual activities. such client self-disclosure can sexualise the therapeutic relationship (Gurtheil & Brodsky, 2011, p. 183). Counsellor disclosures are inevitable and sometimes useful, but self-disclosure can become taxing to the client and and so detrimental. Gurtheil and Brodsky (2011) state that in cases of sexual misconduct, a gravestone turning point often occurs when the relationship shifts from a therapeutic exchange to one of sharing personal c onfidences and feelings (p.114). They further state that even therapists whose practice designedly includes open self-disclosure, it is rarely useful and usually burdensome for clients to hear details of the therapists emotional, sexual, personal or family life. Such disclosures, especially when they involve sexual feelings, are nearly always mattered marches violations (p.115).It seems that Kreft may devour been meeting some personal need by reservation the disclosures. Without having observed the interaction, it is difficult to judge, however, perhaps in an attempt to normalise the clients experience or keep her engaged, Kreft seems to also be almost boasting of his own sexual prowess. This amounts to an ontogenesis of the client forhis own needs. The APA states that, counsellors must not act their clients financially, sexually, emotionally or in any other way (pp.4-5). If poorly handled, the power imbalance inherent in the therapeutic relationship can tip to exploitation of clients (Barnett, Lazarus, Vasquez, Moorehead-Slaughter & Johnson, 2007, p.402). A young female client, is slight likely to challenge the appropriateness of such comments. In addition to the sexualised disclosures, Kreft devised an work on based on his narrow focus on CBT, which he believed would help the client. He requested and obtained a photo of his client wearing a bra and underpants for the purpose of an engagement aimed at challenging the clients maladjustive or negative beliefs somewhat her appearance.The photo was to be shown to a number of unnamed people in order for them to rate her appearance. Kreft claimed in his testimony that he created the exercise based on his expertise and training. He did not state that he investigateed current effective practice or discussed the clients needs in supervision. It would seem prudent to educate oneself about an foreign field of practice or client. In fact, the ACAs ethical expectations include counsellors committing to ongo ing personal and professional development, as well as undertake regular supervision and debriefing (p.3). A cursory investigating of recognised treatments for body image problems Butters and Cash (1987) research into effective cognitive-behavioural treatment of women with body-image dissatisfaction found that a combining of methods produced improved affective body image, reduced maladaptive body-image cognitions and enhanced social self-esteem about fittingness and sexuality. The methods included providing clients with information about body-image dissatisfaction, having clients construct a personalised hierarchy of body areas, desensitisation to voluntary thoughts and developing counterarguments for irrational thoughts.Butters and Cash (1987) did use reviewer ratings of client physical attractiveness as part of the series of exercises, but there is no trace that clients were to be barely dressed in the photographs used. Kreft seemed to exercise poor judgment in his selection o f a photograph in which the client was so scarcely clothed. Kreft seemed unsuspecting of his power in the relationship. Power within the therapeutic relationship can take numerous forms. Proctor (2002, p.8) states that one basic form is societal power which is expressed in the imbalances between the genders and between the old and young. In thiscase, Kreft was an older male with a teenage female client. According to testimony in his case, Kreft was accustomed to working with male clients, so he may have been unaccustomed to working with a young female. He may have been unaware of the subconscious power he held in the relationship simply by virtue of his stronger position in society. Pope and Vasquez (2007, pp41-42) describe other forms of power that therapists have in relation to clients. These include the power of expectationclients expects that the therapists interventions will be able to induce beneficial change.Related to this is the power to postulate the approach to therapy . Kreft chose to make personal disclosures and chose the therapeutic exercise involving the clients photograph. She complied with the activity, although she stated in her complaint that she was very uncomfortable about it. Kreft failed to recognise this in her delayed provision of the photo, but also failed to recognise that any young woman might be uncomfortable with such an exercise, yet reluctant to refuse. He did not make this psychologically safe for her. chthonian the priggish Equal Opportunity travel 2010, both(prenominal) the disclosures and the request for photographs could be deemed sexual badgering and whence unlawful. A person sexually harasses another person if he or she engages in unwelcome conduct of a sexual spirit in relation to another person in circumstances in which a reasonable person, having regard to all the circumstances, would have anticipated that the other person would be offended, wound or intimidated. Conduct of a sexual personality includes makin g orally, any remark or bidding with sexual connotations to a person or about a person in his or her front line, and, making any comment of a sexual temper in a persons presence (Victorian Equal Opportunity and mankind Rights Commission, 2013a, p.79).There are therefore three characteristics of behaviour that would have it constitute sexual harassment beingness unwelcome being conduct of a sexual nature and being conduct that a reasonable person would consider likely to offend, humiliate or intimidate in the circumstances. There seems little doubt that Krefts disclosures about his sexual activities fit this definition of conduct of a sexual nature. In relation to whether the comments were unwelcome to the client, it surely appears so, as she has complained of as much. For conduct to be unwelcome, it must be unsolicited or uninvited by the client, and regarded as undesirable or offensive by the client. Kreft does not suggest that theclient invited the comments. Even if a clien t does not speak up or complain at the time, the conduct might unsounded be considered unwelcome (Victorian Equal Opportunity and merciful Rights Commission, 2013b, p.6).The clients age is a component recognised as causing someone to have behaviour even if unwelcome. Numerous sexual harassment cases have recognised how a power imbalance between the parties can contribute to a person remaining silent about how unwelcome the behaviour is (VEOHRC, 2013a, p.85). The final element in sexual harassment is whether the conduct occurred in circumstances in which it could pretty have been expected that the conduct would offend, humiliate or intimidate the person. Again, given the clients age in relation to Kreft, and the highly sexual nature of the disclosures, within a relationship that should be commission on the clients concerns, it seems that this third step of sexual harassment would be met. In conclusion, it seems that Steven Krefts behaviour in this case fell faraway short of re cognised ethical, legal and social expectations. He took on a client with issues outside his narrow expertise and attempted to work with her in relation to the highly sexualised disclosures she made about her relationships with men. Krefts own highly sexualised personal disclosures were unethical according to professional guidelines and potentially unlawful, under sexual harassment laws.Krefts attempts to help the client change her negative beliefs about her body were devised without reference to existing knowledge in the treatment of such problems and again became sexualised when Kreft chose a photo of the client dressed only in underwear. Ultimately, Kreft was required to update his training, engage in regular supervision, and afford a suspension of practice for six months. Krefts case provides a number of warnings for other practitioners about the dangers of a narrow knowledge and experience base, as well as the importance of understanding the divers(a) dimensions of therapeuti c relationships. Counsellors would do well to have a sound understanding of ethical boundaries and how they might suitably respond to a clients disclosures of sexual behaviour. Having regular supervision is crucial for assisting counsellors in all of these areas.ReferencesAustralian Counselling Association. (2012). Code of ethics and practice. QLD Author.Barnett, J., Lazarus, A., Vasquez, M., Moorehead-Slaughter, O., & Johnson, W. (2007). limit point issues and multiple relationships Fantasy and reality. Professional Psychology look and Practice, 38(4), 401410. Butters, J. W. & Cash, T. F. (1987) Cognitive-behavioral treatment of womens body-image dissatisfaction. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 6. Gurtheil, T. G. & Brodsky, A. (2011). Preventing boundary violations in clinical practice. London Guilford Press. HCCC v Kreft (No. 1) (2011) NSWPST 2.HCCC v Kreft (No. 2) (2012) NSWPST 1.Pope, K. S. & Vasquez, M. J. (2011). Ethics in psychotherapy and counselling A practical guide. New Jersey John Wiley and Sons. Proctor, G. (2002). The kinetics of power in counseling and psychotherapy ethics, authorities and practice. Ross-on-wye, Herefordshire PCCS Books. Victorian Equal Opportunity and Human Rights Commission. (2013a). Victorian discrimination law. Melbourne, Australia Author. Victorian Equal Opportunity and Human Rights Commission. (2013b). Guideline Sexual harassment. Complying with the Equal Opportunity Act 2010. Melbourne, Australia Author. Welfel, E. R. (2013). Ethics in counseling and psychotherapy. (5th ed.). Belmont, CA support/Cole.